Space Physics and Aeronomy, Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics

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List of Contributors vii Preface xi Part I Energetics and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere 1 Joule Heating in the Thermosphere Arthur D. Richmond 3 2 Momentum and Energy Budgets in the High-Latitude Lower Thermospheric Wind System Young-Sil Kwak and Arthur D. Richmond 19 3 Upper Thermospheric Winds: Forcing, Variability, and Effects Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Jing Liu 41 4 Influence of Nonhydrostatic Processes on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere Yue Deng, Cissi Y. Lin, Qingyu Zhu, and Cheng Sheng 65 5 The Middle- and Low-Latitude Neutral Wind Dynamo Astrid Maute 79 Part II Upper Atmospheric Composition 6 Neutral Composition in the Upper Atmosphere Alan G. Burns, Wenbin Wang, and Liying Qian 107 7 Storm-Time Neutral Composition Changes in the Upper Atmosphere Yongliang Zhang and Larry J. Paxton 115 8 Neutral Hydrogen in the Terrestrial Thermosphere and Exosphere: A Ground-Based Perspective Edwin Mierkiewicz 135 Part III Low and Upper Atmosphere Coupling Through Waves 9 Atmosphere-Ionosphere (A-I) Coupling by Solar and Lunar Tides Jeffrey M. Forbes 159 10 Planetary Waves and Their Impact on the Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Ionosphere Jia Yue, Ruth Lieberman, and Loren C. Chang 183 11 Longitudinal Variation in the Mass Density of the Thermosphere: A GAIA Simulation Yasunobu Miyoshi 217 Part IV Upper Atmosphere Structure and Variability 12 Equatorial Thermosphere Anomaly Jiuhou Lei 229 13 Structured Storm-Time Polar Ionosphere and Its Drivers: A Review Jing Liu, Wenbin Wang, Alan G. Burns, and Qinghe Zhang 239 14 Solar Flare Effects on the Thermosphere and Ionosphere Liying Qian and Thomas N. Woods 253 15 Day-to-Day Variability of the Thermosphere and Ionosphere Huixin Liu, Yosuke Yamazaki, and Jiuhou Lei 275 16 Response of the Ionosphere to Varying Solar Fluxes Libo Liu, Yiding Chen, and Huijun Le 301 17 Long-Term Trends in the Upper Atmosphere Jan Lastovicka 325 Part V Upper Atmosphere Data Assimilation 18 Inference of Hidden States by Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Data Assimilation: Applications to Observability and Predictability of Neutral Mass Density Tomoko Matsuo and Chih-Ting Hsu 345 Part VI Upper Atmosphere Observations 19 The Ground-Based Airglow Imager Network in China: Recent Observational Results Jiyao Xu, Qinzeng Li, Longchang Sun, Xiao Liu, Wei Yuan, Wenbin Wang, Jia Yue, Shunrong Zhang, Weijun Liu, Guoying Jiang, Kun Wu, Hong Gao, and Chang Lai 367 20 MLT Science Enabled by Atmospheric Lidars Chiao-Yao She, Alan Z. Liu, Tao Yuan, Jia Yue, Tao Li, Chao Ban, and Jonathan S. Friedman 395 21 Remote Sensing of Magnetic Fields Induced by Electrojets From Space: Measurement Techniques and Sensor Design Jeng-Hwa Yee, Jesper Gjerloev, and Dong Wu 451 22 Remote Sensing of Global Lower Thermospheric Winds: Sensing Techniques and Sensor Design Jeng-Hwa Yee, Imran Mehdi, Darren Hayton, Jose Siles, and Dong Wu 469 23 Exploring the Upper Atmosphere: Using Optical Remote Sensing Larry J. Paxton, Yongliang Zhang, Hyosub Kil, and Robert K. Schaefer 487 Index 523