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This Second Edition presents and details the process of quantization of a classical mechanical system in a relevant physical system, the harmonic oscillator. As mathematics and physics are inextricably interwoven in quantum theories, the author takes a mathematically rigorous approach. Th focuses on properties of the quantum system that can be observed and measured, and the author then interprets the resulting theory. Th covers methods of operator theory in the formulation of the theory as well as in the calculation of the consequences of the theory. The author addresses the mathematical foundation of the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics through the spectral theorems for (densely-defined and linear) self-adjoint operators in complex Hilbert spaces. Th also explains the measurement process and questions the challenges of the wave function, the EPR paradox, and Bell’s inequality.