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Where an assumption of unidirectionality in causal effects is unrealistic, 'recursive' models cannot be used, and complex 'nonrecursive' models are necessary. This book explains the concept of identification and the factors that lead to it.
When you click on links to various merchants on this site and make a purchase, this can result in this site earning a commission. Affiliate programs and affiliations include, but are not limited to, the eBay Partner Network.