Fundamentals of Internet of Things - For Students and Professionals [Hardback]

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Data Communication & Networks 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 OSI model 4 1.3 Header encapsulation 11 1.4 Layer 2- Ethernet 12 1.5 Layer 3- IP 14 1.6 Layer 4- TCP and UDP 22 1.7 TCP/IP networking model 30 1.8 Internetworking devices 31 1.9 Summary 35 Introduction to IoT 40 2.1 Introduction 40 2.2 IoT traffic model 42 2.3 IoT connectivity 43 2.4 IoT verticals, use cases and applications 45 2.5 IoT value chain 47 2.6 Examples of IoT use cases and applications 49 2.7 IoT project implementation 60 2.8 IoT standards 60 2.9 Summary 61 IoT Architecture 65 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Factors affecting an IoT architectural model 66 3.3 IoT architectural model 67 3.4 IoTWF Architectural Model 68 3.5 Data center and cloud 72 3.6 Computing (cloud, fog, and edge) 75 3.7 Summary 79 IoT Sensors 82 4.1 Introduction 82 4.2 Sensors and its performance metrics 83 4.3 Smart sensors 90 4.4 MEMS 91 4.5 Sensor fusion 93 4.6 Self calibration 94 4.7 Sensors of the future 95 4.8 Summary 96 IoT Wired Connectivity 100 5.1 Introduction 100 5.2 Ethernet 101 5.3 Ethernet TSN 104 5.4 Power Line Communications (PLC) 111 5.5 Summary 117 Unlicensed-band wireless IoT 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Zigbee wireless network 122 6.3 BLE wireless network 125 6.4 WiFi wireless network 130 6.5 LoRaWAN wireless wide area network 134 6.6 Summary 137 Cellular IoT Technologies 142 7.1 Introduction 142 7.2 EC-GSM-IoT 143 7.3 LTE-based cellular IoT technologies 144 7.4 Practical use cases 155 7.5 CIoT Frequency bands 157 7.6 Certification 159 7.7 CIoT modules 161 7.8 AT commands 164 7.9 Summary 165 CIoT Features 171 Low-Power Consumption Schemes 173 8-1.1 Introduction 173 8-1.2 Power saving techniques in 3GPP Release 13 173 8-1.3 Power saving techniques in 3GPP Release 14 178 8-1.4 Power saving techniques in 3GPP Release 15 179 8-1.5 Power consumption for various use cases 180 8-1.6 Summary 184 Uplink Access 187 8-2.1 Introduction 187 8-2.2 Random access process 188 8-2.3 RA advancements 194 8-2.4 Summary 196 Positioning 199 8-3.1 Introduction 199 8-3.2 LTE positioning 201 8-3.3 Positioning architecture for LTE IoT 206 8-3.4 RSTD measurement performance 208 8-3.5 PRS signals 208 8-3.6 RSTD error sources 211 8-3.7 Summary 212 Mobility 216 8-4.1 Introduction 216 8-4.2 Mobility 217 8-4.3 NB-IoT Mobility 225 8-4.4 LTE-M Mobility 226 8-4.5 Summary 226 IoT Data Communication Protocols 230 9.1 Introduction 230 9.2 HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 231 9.3 Message Queue Telemetry Transport Protocol (MQTT) 233 9.4 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 240 9.5 Other IoT protocols 243 9.6 Summary 244 IoT in 5G era 248 10.1 Introduction 248 10.2 5G vision 249 10.3 5G's main application areas 251 10.4 5G implementations and features 252 10.5 Summary 258 IoT and Analytics 261 11.1 Introduction 261 11.2 Data Pipeline 263 11.3 AI 264 11.4 Machine Learning 265 11.5 Supervised Machine Learning Techniques 267 11.6 Unsupervised Machine Learning Techniques 287 11.7 Deep Learning Techniques 288 11.8 Summary 297 IoT Security and Privacy 303 12.1 Introduction 303 12.2 IoT Threats 304 12.3 IoT Vulnerabilities 306 12.4 IoT Threat modeling and risk 309 12.5 IoT Security regulations 314 12.6 IoT Privacy concerns and regulations 315 12.7 IoT Security and privacy examples 317 12.8 Threat Protection methods 320 12.9 IoT and Blockchain 330 12.10 Summary 335 IoT Solution developments 340 13.1 Introduction 340 13.2 IoT solution development methodology 341 13.3 Detailed about IoT solution development 343 13.4 Change management 350 13.5 Summary 351 Practical Assignments 355 Assignment #1: IoT data transmission to the cloud 356 Assignment #2: Building a battery-powered vision-based system 358 Assignment #3: Configure LTE-M module using AT commands 360 Assignment #4: Connecting to an MQTT broker 362 Assignment #5: Connect to an IoT gateway using BLE 364 Assignment #6: Simple home automation 366 Assignment #7: Smart toy system 368 Assignment #8: Controlling a smart tank system using LoRaWAN technology 370 Assignment #9: Building IoT systems using Cisco Packet tracer 372 Assignment #10: Building a digital twin in the cloud 375 Solutions 377 Abbreviations 431 Index 437